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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 



THE STUDY OF FORESTRY 



REPORT PREPARED FOR 

THE COMMISSION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 

TO THE BRAZIL CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 




For Distribution at the Centennial Exposition 
1922-1923 



WASHINGTON 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
• 1922 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 



THE STUDY OF FORESTRY 



V 



Supplementing Exhibit 

of the 

UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE 

at the 

BRAZIL CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 

1922-1923 



By 
HENRY S. GRAVES 

Formerly Forester. United States Forest Serr^ce 






LIBRARY OF CONG«tsS 

NOV 231922 I 

DOCUMENTS OiVtSUj. I 



THE STUDY OF FORESTRY. 

The forest resources of Brazil are unmatched anywhere in the world. 
In extent, in number of species of trees, in potential values of products, 
the Brazilian forests are unique. They promise to be a factor of pro- 
found importance in the economic development of the country. Their 
permanent service in the upbuilding of Brazil will, however, depend upon 
the manner in which they are handled. It would be a great misfortune 
if thev were exploited with the same disregard of the permanent interests 
of the nation that has characterized the history of the forests of the 
United States. With the application of sound and practical methods of 
forestry, the forest resources of Brazil will serve indefinitely as a source 
of great national wealth. 

A GREAT FIELD FOR FORESTRY. 

In manv sections of Brazil the forests have already been heavily cut. 
A large part of this cutting has been largely done in clearing land for cul- 
tivation and pasture. There is, however, a considerable export trade in 
certain classes of timber and in various special products of the forest, and 
lumber is being cut in increasing quantities for home consumption. It is 
inevitable that in the near future there will be a much greater demand 
from other countries for Brazilian timber. The virgin forests in the tem- 
perate regions are being depleted very rapidly. Very soon America must 
look elsewhere for substitutes for hickory, ash, walnut, high-grade oak. 
and other material. It is a great opportunity for Brazil to supply this 
need. As soon as the qualities of the local species are better known, for- 
eign manufacturers will demand them. There will then come the prob- 
lem of exploration and research to determine the location of merchantable 
bodies of timber; capital and modern methods of lumbering will be 
needed to exploit the forests; and a lumber industry of great magnitude 
will be built up which will be an important factor in the economy of the 
nation. But in its own protection and to guard its future interests 
Brazil will have to see to it that the forests are cut in a way to insure per- 
petuation and to prevent devastation. 

Brazil has already taken the first step in the passing of a comprehensive 
forest code. Undoubtedly further legislation is required to establish 
and build up the organizations necessary to carry on the public work in 
forestry. In the United States but little progress in forestry was made 
until the Federal Government undertook the proper administration of 
the lands owned by the Nation and until there was in the country a body 
of professional foresters. The early American foresters obtained their 

11213—22 . 3 



4 THE STUDY OF FORESTRY. 

training in the European schools. In recent years there have been 
estabhshed in the United States nearly 20 well-equipped forest schools 
and there are to-day from 500 to i ,000 trained foresters working in the 
public service, in educational work, and in the handling of private forest 
lands. Brazil offers one of the greatest opportunities in the world for 
forestry work. The country needs many well-trained men and it is hoped 
that young Brazilians will become interested in forestry as offering an 
attractive career and an opportunity to render a great service to the 
nation. 

Ultimately it would be very desirable to have some high-grade forest 
schools in Brazil, but until this time comes those who desire a training 
may find opportunities in the schools of other countries. While the de- 
tails of applied forestry differ according to the character of the forests, the 
underlying principles are the same in the forests of the Tropics as in the 
temperate regions. One or two of the forest schools in the United States 
make a special feature of training young men for tropical work, giving 
them the foundations necessary for a career in Central or South America, 
or in the Philippine Islands and East Indies. 

For the benefit of those young men who may be considering forestry as 
a career and may wish to know about the possibilities of educational 
work in the United States, the following brief sketch of the different 
American schools has been prepared: 

FOREST SCHOOLS IN THE UNITED STATES. 

There are 19 collegiate institutions which offer a full technical training 
in forestry. In addition there are a number of agricultural colleges 
that offer limited courses in connection with horticulture. The descrip- 
tion in the succeeding pages applies only to those institutions that give 
a regular professional course of four or five years. For the convenience 
of those who may not be familiar with the geography of the United States 
the schools are described in five groups according to their location in the 
northeastern portion of the country, in the central west, in the Southern 
States, in the Rocky Mountain States, or in the Pacific Coast States. 

I. Forest Schools in the Northeastern States. 

Seven institutions in the Northeastern States offer a full training in 
forestry. This is the most densely populated region of the country, 
where the demand for forest products is very great and where the most 
intensive forestry is practiced. The schools are within easy reach of 
New York City, the port of disembarkation for most Brazilian students. 
Excellent facilities are afforded for the teaching of forestry, for there are 
many illustrations of forest practice in both softwood and hardwood 
forests. 



THE STUDY OF FORESTRY. 5 

A. YALE UNIVERSITY, SCHOOI^ OF FORESTRY, NEW HAVEN, 
CONNECTICUT. 

New Haven, Connecticut, the seat of Yale University, is a thriving 
city located on Long Island Sound and about two hours' ride from New 
York City. The school of forestry, a part of Yale University, is the oldest 
of the American forest schools. It has long been a recognized leader in 
forest education in the United States. Established in 1900, its long list 
of graduates has supplied the heads of a number of the other forest 
schools in the United States and a majority of their teaching force. 
The present Chief of the Forest Service of the United States is a graduate 
of this school and the present dean of the school was formerly the Chief 
of the Forest Service. Two of its graduates have been at the head of the 
bureau of forestry of the Philippines, one holding that position at the 
present time. Many of the State foresters are Yale men. The teaching 
force of the Yale School of Forestry consists of seven men, each of whom 
is a leader in his specialty. Many of the textbooks on forestry have been 
written by these men. 

The Yale School of Forestry is cosmopolitan in character ; she numbers 
among her graduates students from Norway, South Africa, India, the 
Philippines, China, Japan, South America, Australia, and Canada. It 
is the only school that offers special courses in tropical forestry. The 
instructors in lumbering and tropical forestry have practiced their pro- 
fession in tropical countries. The professor of forest products is devoting 
much of his time to the study and classification of tropical American 
woods. 

Yale offers a two-year course in forestry for those who hold a degree 
from a collegiate institution, leading to the degree of master of forestry. 
Undergraduates of the university may take certain courses in forestry 
and complete their professional work in one year after graduation. 

B. CORNELE UNIVERSITY, NEW YORK STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, 
DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY, ITHACA, NEW YORK. 

The first forest school of collegiate grade in the United States was es- 
tablished at Cornell University but was suspended for some time and then 
reorganized as a department in the college of agriculture. Cornell 
University is situated in the western part of the State of New York in 
the city of Ithaca, an eight-hour ride from New York City. The forestry 
instruction given at Cornell is of very high grade. Besides a full under- 
graduate course of four years, leading to a degree of bachelor of forestry, 
there is a graduate course of one year, on the completion of which a 
degree of master of forestry is granted. There are six instructors who 
devote all of their time to purely forestry subjects. The faculty and 
many of the graduates of this school occupy eminent places in the pro- 
fession. The present dean was one of the first in the country to receive 
11213—22 2 



6 THE STUDY OP FORESTRY. 

training in forestry and was formerly the head of the government forestry 
work in the Hawaiian Islands and hence has had a long experience in 
tropical forestry. 

C. SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY, THE NEW YORK STATE COLEEGE OF FORESTRY, 

SYRACUSE, NEW YORK. 

Syracuse University is situated at Syracuse, New York, a large city 
located in the western part of New York State and about eight hours' 
ride from New York City. The college of forestry, Syracuse University, 
is the only one that has brought practically all the technical forestry 
subjects and those allied to them under one administrative control. It is 
the most specialized of all the forest schools. In equipment and in 
number of instructors and students it is the largest forest school in the 
country. Its faculty, consisting of some 40 instructors, is divided among 
the following departments of the school : Silviculture, wood technology, 
forest engineering, forest utilization, forest botany, forest entomology, 
forest zoology, landscape engineering, forest chemistry, and economics. 
The school offers a four-year course in general forestry leading to tlie 
degree of bachelor of science and a five-year course leading to the degree 
of master of forestry. It also offers courses which lead to the degrees of 
master of science and doctor of philosophy, and maintains an excellent 
department, located in the Adirondack Mountains, for the training of 
forest rangers. 

D. HARVARD UNIVERSITY, DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY, FOREST HIIXS, 

BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS. 

The department of forestry of Harvard University is devoted wholly to 
instruction in graduate work and to forest research. The special graduate 
courses deal with dendrology, silviculture, and forest management, the 
lumber business, and advanced work in forest physiology. The uni- 
versity work is centered at Forest Hills, a beautiful suburban region of 
Boston. The research in forestry and the field work are conducted at the 
Harvard Forest located at Petersham, Massachusetts. 

E. PENNSYLVANIA STATE COLLEGE, SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE, DEPART- 

MENT OF FORESTRY, STATE COLLEGE, PENNSYLVANIA. 

Pennsylvania State College is located in the town of State College in 
the State of Pennsylvania. It is beautifully situated on a plateau of 
1,200 feet in elevation. 

The enrollment of the department of forestry is one of the largest in 
the United States. There are five instructors directly connected with 
the department. A four-year course leading to a degree of bachelor of 
science is offered. The instruction is of very high grade, and the grad- 
uates of the institution occupy positions of importance in the profession. 



THE STUDY OF FORESTRY. 7 

F. PENNSYLVANIA STATE FOREST ACADEMY, MONT ALTO, FRANKLIN 

COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. 

The location of this school is at Mont Alto, a village 60 miles southwest 
of Harrisburg, the capital of the State of Pennsylvania. 

This is a State school organized primarily to train men for service in 
Pennsylvania. The State has over a million acres of public forests 
requiring many men for their protection and administration. The teach- 
ing force of the school consists of seven men, five of whom are engaged in 
work of purely technical character. The course covers four years and 
leads to the degree of bachelor of forestry. 

G. UNIVERSITY OF MAINE, COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, DEPARTMENT OF 

FORESTRY, ORONO, MAINE. 

The University of Maine is situated in the small but beautiful city 
of Orono, 9 miles from Bangor, the third largest city in the State of 
Maine. The department of forestry offers a four-year course leading to 
the degree of bachelor of science. Maine is one of the most heavily 
timbered States of the Northeast, and the school has exceptional facilities 
for practical instruction in forestry. 

2. Forest Schools in the Central States. 

a. university of michigan, department of forestry, ann arbor, 

michigan. 

Ann Arbor, the seat of the University of Michigan, is a small city in 
the southern part of the State, a short distance from Detroit, which is one 
of the most important cities of the Central States. 

The training in forestry at the University of Michigan is recognized 
as one of the most thorough and efficient in the United States. There is 
a four-year course leading to the degree of bachelor of science in forestry, 
and a five-year course leading to the degree of master of science in forestry. 
The faculty of the department, consisting of four instructors, is ably 
assisted in the allied subjects by instructors in the other departments 
of the university. The head of the department of forestry is one of 
the pioneers in the forestry movement in the United States. He was 
at one ti'me in charge of the Federal forest reserves. He is an educator 
of note, has written a number of textbooks, and has been a power in 
advancing the national forestry movement. The school counts among 
its graduates many able men engaged in forestry work in the United 
States and tropical countries. 

B. MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, FORESTRY DEPARTMENT, EAST 

LANSING, MICHIGAN. 

The Michigan Agricultural College, the oldest agricultural school in 
the United States, is situated near Lansing, the capital city of Michigan, 



8 THE STUDY OF FORESTRY. 

The department of forestry has an able group of instructors and pro- 
vides a training of high character. The course covers four years and 
leads to the degree of bachelor of science. 

C. UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA, COI^LEGE OF AGRICUI^TURE, FORESTRY 

DIVISION, MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA. 

Minneapolis, Minnesota, is situated on the Mississippi River about 
12 hours by rail northwest of Chicago. The university is one of the great 
educational institutions of the country. An excellent course in forestry 
covering a period of four years is offered, with opportunities for advanced 
graduate work. Courses are given in general forestry, and also in work 
in logging engineering and forest products. An able faculty of six 
instructors handles the work. Minnesota is a timbered State and affords 
good opportunities for practical work in the forests and in the many 
wood manufacturing establishments. The course leads to the degree of 
bachelor of science. 

D. IOWA STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND MECHANIC ARTS, 

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY, AMES, IOWA. 

The city of Ames is situated in one of the most prosperous agricultural 
centers of the United States. The department of forestry offers a four- 
year undergraduate course leading to a degree of bachelor of science in 
forestry, permitting the student to specialize either in forest management 
or lumber marketing. An additional year's work is provided for those 
who desire to take advanced work leading to the degree of master of 
forestry. The teaching force of the department consists of five instruc- 
tors. The head of the forest school is also the State forester of Iowa. 

3. Forest Schools in the Southern States. 

a. university of georgia, college of agriculture, department 
of forestry, athens, georgia. 

Athens is a charming city situated a short distance from Atlanta, 
which is one of the most progressive cities of the South. The University 
of Georgia is at present the only institution in the South that offers a full 
four-year course leading to a bachelor's degree. There are three instruc- 
tors in forestry on the staff. 

4. Forest Schools in the Rocky Mountain States. 

A. university of MONTANA, SCHOOL OF FORESTRY, MISSOULA, MONTANA. 

Missoula, Montana, the seat of the State university, is a small city 
lying in a beautiful valley just west of the main range of the Rocky 
Mountains. With a force of five instructors, this school offers two dis- 
tinct lines of specialization, both leading to a degree of bachelor of 



THE STUDY OF FORESTRY. 9 

science in forestry. One course is devoted to general forestry and fits 
the student for technical and administrative positions; the other course 
is designed primarily for those entering the field of logging and lumber- 
ing. The school also gives a 12-weeks' short course training for forest 
rangers and special courses in grazing of live stock and in lumbering. 

B. UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO, SCHOOL OF FORESTRY, MOSCOW, IDAHO. 

Moscow, the seat of the University of Idaho, is located in the northern 
part of the State of Idaho, west of the Rocky Mountains and at an alti- 
tude of 2,600 feet. 

The school, with a strong faculty of four members, gives a four-year 
course leading to the degree of bachelor of science in forestry. The 
institution is situated near one of the largest remaining bodies of virgin 
forest. It gives special training in lumbering as well as forestry and 
offers an excellent training for those who may enter Government service 
or the lumber industry. A short course for forest rangers is also given. 

C. COLORADO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY, FORT 

COLLINS, COLORADO. 

The Colorado Agricultural College is situated in Fort Collins, which 
lies in the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains not far north of the 
large city of Denver, the capital and metropolis of the State of Colorado. 
A four-year course in general forestry is offered leading to a degree of 
bachelor of forestry. The graduates are fitted especially for work in 
Colorado, in the Federal service, in lumbering, and in the handling of 
live stock under mountain conditions. 

D. COLORADO COLLEGE, COLORADO SCHOOL OF FORESTRY, COLORADO 

SPRINGS, COLORADO. 

Colorado Springs, the seat of Colorado College, lies near the eastern 
base of Pike's Peak, one of the tallest peaks of the Rocky Mountains. 
The school of forestry offers a four-year course leading to a degree of 
bachelor of science in forestry. After one or two years of graduate 
work a degree of master of forestry is conferred. The forestry faculty 
is ably assisted in allied subjects by instructors in other departments 
of the college. 

5. Forest Schools in the Pacific vStates. 

There are three forest schools in the Pacific States which have very 
high standards of instruction, and are ably administered. Because of 
their location in or near the greatest lumbering center of the world, 
they offer excellent opportunities for those who wish to specialize in 
problems relating to the handling of virgin forests. 



lO THE STUDY OF FORESTRY. 

A. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, DIVISION OF 
FORESTRY, BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA. 

The University of California, one of the most important institutions 
of the country, is located at Berkeley, a beautiful city which lies across 
the bay from San Francisco. 

California contains very extensive forests, with conditions of wide 
variation and great interest. There is a large area of forest land owned 
by the Federal Government and the extensive private forests consti- 
tute the basis for a thriving lumber industry. The forest school is well 
equipped and the instruction is given by a strong faculty of able men. 
Two degrees are offered. The degree of bachelor of science is given at 
the end of the four-year course; a master of science to those who take 
an additional year of graduate study. A student may specialize in 
general forestry, or he may take a course in logging engineering for work 
in the lumber industry. The school gives an excellent training for 
public service, for educational work, or for private forestry. 

B. UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, COLLEGE OF FORESTRY, 
SEATTLE, WASHINGTON. 

The location of the University of Washington is at Seattle, the me- 
tropolis of the Pacific Northwest. This is one of the largest centers of 
lumber production of the country, being adjacent to the great forests 
of Douglas fir, a wood that is now distributed throughout the world. 

The school offers a four- year course, leading to the degree of bachelor of 
science, with additional opportunities for advanced work and a master's 
degree. The course in general forestry is on a high plane. There is 
also a strong course in logging engineering, for those who wish to enter 
the lumber industry. There are extensive national forests in the vi- 
cinity so that the graduates are well trained for the public service. The 
faculty is very well equipped and the graduates are making their mark 
both in general forestry and in the lumber business. 

C. OREGON AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, FOREST SCHOOL, 
CORVALLIS, OREGON. 

The seat of the Oregon Agricultural College is Corvallis, a city situated 
at the head of navigation on the Willamette River. Like the forest 
school of Washington, this one is situated within the great lumber re- 
gion of the Pacific Northwest, with all the facilities for work in the vir- 
gin forest conditions. 

Two courses are offered, one in general forestry leading to the degree 
of bachelor of science in forestry and the other in logging engineering 
leading to the degree of bachelor of science in logging engineering. 
Four instructors form the teaching force of the school. 

o 



